Feminism in Literature - 2346 Words

Feminism in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Feminism, if anything, has appeared majorly in the literature spectrum through all decades and forms. Feminism is the political, cultural, or economic movement aimed at establishing equality and protection for all women. No matter the time period or place feminism has always been a popular literary topic that has made a few works quite notorious, including Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. Both works contain the scenarios in which the main characters are taken advantage of due to the apparent feminist society. Made obvious by the title, Jane is the main character of the novel Jane Eyre. During the novel Jane meets people, in†¦show more content†¦Rochester. At first Jane sees him as rude and disrespectful due to his cold and gruesome remarks, but it is her fight and how Jane stands up for herself that leads to one of the most known relationships in literature. Eventually Rochester asks Jane for her hand in marriage but at the scene of the wedding, we come to learn, that Rochester is already married to an insane woman, living in his attic, named Bertha. With this Rochester asks Jane to run away with her to Europe, this is exactly where Jane is faced with a very hard decision between following her heart as everyone wants to do, or keeping her respect and dignity. We can see the respect Jane now has from Rochester when he says to her, â€Å"I was wrong to attempt to deceive you; but I feared a stubbornness that exists in your character† (Bronte 354). This shows that Jane has gained Rochester’s respect and the ‘stubbornness’ in Jane’s character is the best thing for her, for without this trait Jane could never gain respect from others, especially men, in his novel. Knowing that Jane has decided to leave her, Rochester begins to persuade Jane to stay with him. He says, â€Å"Oh, Jane, this is bitter! This – this is wicked. It would not be wicked to love me† (Bronte 35 5). Jane replies, â€Å"It would to obey you† (Bronte 355), showing that she will not give into his pleading, regardless of how much she loves him because to obey him would lead to the lossShow MoreRelatedThe Genesis of Feminism in Literature1115 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism is a theory that all sexes should have political, economic, and social equality. Hawthorne was a writer during the Romantic Era in literature; one of the many individuals fired by their ideals sought to tell the world about them through their works (e.g. art, literature, music). Hawthorne was raised by his spouseless mother, which probably led him to believe women could be equal to men. 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Feminism is900 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started inRead MoreFeminism in Novel Makaan of Paigham Afaqui1301 Words   |  6 PagesPaigham Afaqui Feminist literature, as the name suggests, is based on the principles of feminism, and refers to any literary work that centers on the struggle of a woman for equality, and to be accepted as a human being, before being cast into a gender stereotype. Not all these works follow a direct approach towards this goal of equality. It is only through such media that women believed a change was possible in the way they were perceived in society. Not all feminist literature has been written by womenRead MoreGender Roles, Feminism, And Feminism855 Words   |  4 PagesCorrespondently to breaking down gender roles, feminism plays an important role in Chicana/o literature. In Lopez’s Real Women Have Curves feminism is defined in accordance to the Chicana/o community and differently from 60s and 70s white feminism that did not considered intersectionalities (Ruiz, Lecture, 4/5/16). In the play Ana tries to empower the women by preaching about the power of taking control of their bodies, se xuality, and ultimate their destiny; however Estela harshly stops her with:Read MoreSocialist Feminist Criticism1164 Words   |  5 PagesCriticism: You Dropped the Bomb on Me, Baby Feminism and gender studies have been described as having the ability to challenge literary and culture theory to confront the difficult task of assimilating the findings of an expanding sphere of inquiry (Contemporary Literary Criticism 567). This area of study has taken center stage during the last fifty years, not only in our society, but also in literary criticism. Although the terrain Feminism traverses can hardly be narrowed down to one singleRead MoreFeminism : A Viable Social Scientific Approach933 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion Two Feminism has evolved to become a viable social scientific approach for investigating the social world surrounding us. This approach has witnessed several transformations, referred to as waves, with each representing a different set of actors, claims and organization. Throughout the history of the United States, and broadly western societies, feminist waves altered political, social and cultural orders changing them to the overall benefit of women (Maclaran, 2015). Despite their variationsRead MoreThe Idea Of Feminism Grew Through A Variety Of Movements,1310 Words   |  6 Pages The idea of feminism grew through a variety of movements, theories and philosophies. Feminism motivates the experiences of women through social, political and academic situations. Through social movements, feminism focuses on the documentation of gender inequality and changes in the social representation of women. Some argue that genders are social constructs and research the construction of sexuality and d evelop alternative models for studying social relations. In regards to politics, the feminist

Capital Maintenance Doctrine

Question: Discuss about the Capital Maintenance Doctrine. Answer: Introduction: According to the doctrine of capital maintenance proper consideration has to be received by the company in relation to the shares issued by them and further the directors are not entitled to repay the amount received by the company and if so in very limited circumstances. The doctrine has been subjected to various criticisms from the day it has originated and therefore several amendments have been done to the doctrine in order to keep it alive in the fields of corporation law. The rule originated from the English case of Trevor v Whitworth1887 where the main issue was related to share buybacks. The court in this case held that share buybacks were unlawful. The doctrine was developed in the English law with the main aim of protecting the creditors and other shareholders of a company from any fraud which the directors may commit as they have major power over the companys affairs. The doctrine initially provided few legal rules with respect to capital maintenance which include distribution and payment of dividends, reduction in the share capital of the company, preventing a company from buying its own shares and preventing any financial assistance taken by the company in relation to share buyback. However the strict approach provided by the doctrine has been under scrutiny and criticism as it made the functioning of the companies very difficult. The doctrine of capital maintenance has been adopted by most of the commonwealth nations which includes Australia. The section 257 A of the Corporation Act 2001 allows the company to buy back their shares but only when such purchase does not harm the companys capability of paying back its creditors and the procedures laid down with respect to such action is adopted by the company. The section in form of a note further provides that if a company has its own constitution provisions relating to precluding share buyback along with restrictions can be added to the constitution. The sections also provide that redeemable preference shares are entitled to be bought back by the company but not on the terms on which they can be redeemed. The Act has made further amendments to the doctrine through section 257 J which sets out other provisions relating to share buybacks. The directors of the company are required by the new approach towards the doctrine to consider the factors relating to solvenc y fairness and disclosure before any decision on share buyback is made by the company. Section 588 G of the Corporation act provides that a director of a company can be personally liable to the breach of this section if factors relating to solvency are not considered by them before share buyback. Though the capital maintenance doctrine has been amended in many ways it is still used in the Australian corporate law after the strict approach provided by the initial doctrine has been abolished and a more liberal approach in relation to share buyback has been adopted. References Arnold, A. J. "Capital reduction case law decisions and the development of the capital maintenance doctrine in late-nineteenth-century England."Accounting and Business Research(2016): 1-19. Nobes, Christopher. "Accounting for capital: the evolution of an idea."Accounting and Business Research45.4 (2015): 413-441. Tolmie, Fiona.Corporate and personal insolvency law. Routledge, 2013. Trevor v Whitworth(1887) 12 App Cas 409

Moral Development and Ethical Concepts

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation Use punctuation to help your pronunciation skills by adding a pause after each period, comma, semi-colon or colon. By using punctuation to guide when you pause while reading, you will begin to speak in a more natural manner. Make sure to read the example sentences on this page out loud using the pronunciation tips provided.  Lets look at an example sentence: Im going to visit my friends in Chicago. They have a beautiful house, so Im staying with them for two weeks. In this example, pause after Chicago and house. This will help anyone whos listening to you follow you more easily. On the other hand, if you rush through the periods and commas (and other punctuation marks), your pronunciation will sound unnatural and it will be difficult for listeners to follow your thoughts. Punctuation that marks the end of a sentence also has specific intonation. Intonation means the rising and the lowering of the voice when speaking. In other words, intonation refers to the voice rising and falling. Lets take a look at the different types of intonation used with pronunciation. Asking Questions Follows Two Patterns Rising Voice at the End of a Question If the question is a yes / no question, the voice rises at the end of a question. Do you like living in Portland?Have you lived here a long time?Did you visit your friends last month? Falling Voice at the End of a Question If the question is an information question- in other words, if you are asking a question with where, when, what, which, why, what/which kind of.., and questions with how- let your voice fall at the end of a question. Where are you going to stay on vacation?When did you arrive last night?How long have you lived in this country? Question Tags Question tags are used to either confirm information or to ask for clarification. The intonation is different in each case.   Question Tags to Confirm If you think you know something, but would like to confirm it, let the voice fall in the question tag. You live in Seattle, dont you?This is easy, isnt it?You arent coming to the meeting, are you? Question Tags to Ask for Clarification When using a question tag to clarify, let the voice rise to let the listener know that you expect more information. Peter isnt going to be at the party, is he?You understand your role, dont you?We arent expected to finish the report by Friday, are we? End of Sentences The voice usually falls at the end of sentences. However, when making a short statement with a word that is only one syllable the voice rises to express happiness, shock, approval, etc. Thats great!Im free!I bought a new car. When making a short statement with a word that is more than one syllable (multi-syllabic) the voice falls. Mary is happy.Were married.Theyre exhausted. Commas We also use a specific type of intonation when using commas in a list. Lets take a look at an example: Peter enjoys playing tennis, swimming, hiking, and biking. In this example, the voice rises after each item in the list. For the final item, let the voice fall.  In other words, tennis, swimming, and hiking all rise in intonation. The final activity, biking, falls in intonation. Practice with a few more examples: We bought some jeans, two shirts, a pair of shoes, and an umbrella.Steve wants to go to Paris, Berlin, Florence, and London. Pause After an Introductory Subordinate Clause Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. These include because, though, or time expressions such as when, before, by the time, as well as others. You can use a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle of a sentence. When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction (as in this sentence), pause at the end of ​the  introductory subordinating clause. When you read this letter, I will have left you forever.Because its so expensive to travel in Europe, I have decided to go to Mexico for my vacation.Although the test was very hard, I got an A on it.

LED-Based Stage Light Capable of Control via DMX512 Dissertation

LED-Based Stage Light Capable of Control via DMX512 - Dissertation Example DMX is an acronym of "Digital Multiplexing†. The DMX founded lighting control is premeditated to create, organize and dispense information to DMX-well-suited lighting fixtures. DMX512 is a regular reference for digital communication arrangements that are usually utilized to direct stage illumination and special effects. It was initially proposed as a standardized plot for scheming light dimmers, which, earlier to DMX512, had used assorted unsuited, proprietary procedures. Conversely, it later became the chief technique for connecting not only controllers and dimmers, but also supplementary sophisticated fixtures and special effects strategies for example fog machines and automated lights and has also extended to implications in non-theatrical architectural illumination; DMX512 has been utilized starting from the beauty of Christmas lightening to billboards which are electronically operated through LEDs. Microcontrollers are utilized in routinely manipulated products and applian ces, for example vehicle engine management systems, operational medical appliances, distant controls, office equipment etc. By minimizing the dimension and expenditure evaluated against a design that utilized a detached memory chip, memory, and input/output accessories, microcontrollers formulate it reasonable to electronically organize extra appliances and processes. In this project, the intended objective is to design a system of illuminating stage LEDs controlled by DMX 512. The same protocols as defined by DMX 51 are employed in this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Number Topic Pages 1 Introduction 1 2 Project Aim 2 3 Project Approach 2-3 4 Operating Components 4 i. Serial UART 4-5 ii. USART Registers 5-11 iii. HyperTerminal 11-12 iv. USB-RS485 Board 13-16 v. RS485-ATMEGA8 Board 17-19 vi. LEDs 19-21 5 Software Implementation 22-23 6 Conclusion 24 Bibliography 25 1. Introduction DMX in general is a mechanism of scheming "smart" lighting fixtures and dimmers. Technically, DMX is a furt her contraction for DMX512-A, updated by Entertainment Services Technology Association abbreviated as the ESTA. DMX512-A is the Standard for controlling illumination equipment and connected appliances.1 In current years, the DMX customary is being utilized more commonly in Architectural illumination projects, as well as lightening of building outer walls, inflection lighting, wide-ranging usage building organization and housing lighting. This is appropriate chiefly to the elevated fame of LED founded on lighting fixtures, which are commonly manipulated through DMX electronic pointers. An extensive diversity of illumination control consoles, manipulators and additional appliances that produce DMX signals can be utilized to attach to an even better diversity of illumination fixtures and appliances that can be manipulated by DMX. DMX manipulated lighting schemes are utilized in many specialized events, for example concert illumination, stage automated lighting, studio lights, and theme park illumination etc. In this project, three colors i.e. RGB-Red, Green, and Blue LEDs are utilized where each region is applicable to all three colors. The DMX manipulator regulates the strength i.e. in intensity of each of these colors so that any required color can be formed. One or more LED drivers are concentrated on to exclusive DMX channel, and those drivers, against the DMX channel instructs, put the intensity value of the LEDs they control. 2. Project Aim The project aims to devise a stage-style light which utilized LEDs as the light resource and is alterable by means of the standard DMX512 protocol, and is competent of producing a variety of output colors. The major endeavor of this project is to organize the color of LED radiance through a DMX controller. The DMX controller discussed in this project is entirely automated through a computer. A simple logic of a program is also founded during the project. 3. Project Approach DMX is separated into four sectors or zones in which every sector comprises of

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Programming is a diverse world of symbols and logic where emotions and people stand aside. The addiction of virtual world and the attachment and detachment from the real world, has resonance in it. On the other hand Bill in his book, â€Å"Why the future doesn’t need us†, shares his apprehensions regarding the advancements in nanotechnology, genetics and robotics technology. He significantly talks about the upper hand technology has on human’s capability and the rapid success and progression in nanotechnology which could be used more destructively than constructively. Bill shared his opinion about the ethical issues stirred up due to genetic technology and hence public has condemned about it as well. His apprehensions further lead to NBC era when literacy of GPR technology would be enough to produce mass destructive weapons even with low resources. Thus, it would increase incurable diseases, with lack of work and exercise for humans which in turn would empower technology over human

Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: Case Study

Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: Case Study Diagnosis and Chiropractic Management of Post-Traumatic Piriformis Syndrome: A Case Study Chief complaint A 37-year-old male patient presented himself at a local chiropractic clinic with a chief complaint of persistent low back pain that was radiating into his left buttock, all along the posterolateral aspect of his left thigh and calf, and to the lateral aspect of the foot. History of the patient illness The pain initiated 2 years ago. The patient reported a blunt trauma of his left buttock in a motorcycle accident 8 months before his symptoms were first noticed. The patient was presented with low back pain, radiating from sacrum and gluteal region to the lateral aspect of the foot, all along the posterolateral aspect of his left thigh and calf. The pain was occasionally accompanied by paresthaesia and burning sensation. When asked to rate his pain with a numeric rating scale (NRS), he noted his low back pain to be 3/10 at best and 7/10 at worst. Prolonged sitting and car driving aggravated his symptoms. And standing up and walking a few steps for a moment would make the pain partially relieved. The patient also noted that prolonged external rotation of the affected hip (sitting posture) made the symptoms more intense. He avoided sitting in a cross-leg posture due to the pain. The patient had a transient relief of his pain after treatment of physiotherapy. However, the pain came back after a few days. Other than the traumatic fall on his left hip in a motorcycle accident, the patient’s medical history was not remarkable. Relative family history, social and environment history Both of the patient’s parents were diagnosed with disc herniation of the lumbar spine in their 50s. The patient went to gym 4 times per week, doing cardiovascular and weight bearing training. And he used to play soccer once a week. However he had to stop playing since his low back pain and leg pain started to bother him. The patient was an attorney and his job required him to sit in front of his desk for more than 6 hours per day. He reported that he had to stand up and walk a few steps in the office every 30 minutes due to the pain. Relevant medications The patient’s symptoms were partially relieved by taking Panadols. He was not taking any other prescribed or non-prescribed medications. List of possible diagnoses from the patient history Lumbar disc herniation The patient was presented with symptoms and signs of radiculopathy including sensation disturbance of the lower limb, pain shooting to the foot, and pain worsened by sitting and relieved by walking. According to the dermatome, the nerve roots of L5, S1 or S2 were possibly affected. Considering that both of the patient’s parents are diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation, it should be on top of the differential diagnosis list, for recent studies have suggested that lumbar disc herniation may be attributed more to genetic factors than to environmental and constitutional risk factors. The patient’s occupation which kept him sitting for a prolonged time increases the chance of lumbar disc herniation. The history of blunt trauma could also be a factor of developing lumbar disc herniation. Sciatic nerve irritation of other origins The patient’s altered sensation on the lower extremity is in the distribution of sciatic nerve. Sciatica should be taken into consideration. However, the underlying cause of compression or irritation of sciatic nerve should be revealed with further examination and investigation. Piriformis syndrome Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon form of sciatica in which the sciatic nerve is compressed and irritated by piriformis muscle. It usually occurs in people who are middle-aged (mean age 38 years old). Robinson described 5 significant manifestations of piriformis syndrome in 1947, including: (1) history of trauma in the gluteal region; (2) pain in the sciatic nerve distribution; (3) symptoms relieved by traction and aggravated by sitting or stooping; (4) palpable tenderness or mass over piriformis muscle; (5) positive straight leg raise test. This patient was presented with the first 3 features of piriformis syndrome, whereas the 4th and 5th need further examination. Sacroiliac joint syndrome Sacroiliac joint syndrome is the dysfunction of sacroiliac joint that is attributed to either hypermobility or hypomobility, causing low back pain, buttock pain and sciatic lower limb pain. Lower abdomen, groin and medial thigh are occasionally affected as well. The symptoms of sacroiliac joint syndrome and sciatica are often similar. Hamstring syndrome Another possible differential diagnosis is hamstring syndrome. Hamstring syndrome is caused by entrapment of the proximal sciatic nerve by the hamstring tendons (1). It usually occurs associated with trauma such as hamstring tears or strain (2). However, in many cases, not significant history of trauma is noted (1, 2). Patients with hamstring syndrome present with lower gluteal pain and radiate down to posterior thigh and knee (2). The symptoms are similar to sciatica of other origins. Results of the neurological exams Observation, static palpation and range of motion Observation and static palpation are performed to look for any degree of antalgic posturing, any deviation from a normal spinal curve, pelvic position, and muscle spasm or bulks. Characteristic findings of each differential diagnosis are listed below. Lumbar disc herniation Possible hyper-lordosis of lumbar spine in an antalgic posture; Significant decrease in lumbar active and passive range of motion, especially in lumbar flexion and unilateral lateral flexion; Possible limited hip range of active motion due to muscle weakness; Possible palpable restricted lumbar vertebral segments; Hypertonic or tender lumbar muscles on static palpation, especially erector spinae (ES) muscles; Piriformis syndrome Possible limping or walking with the assistance with crutches due to pain and lower extremity muscle weakness; Possible hip external rotation on the affected side due to excessive piriformis muscle contraction, which is also known as â€Å"piriformis sign† (3); Significant decrease in hip active and passive range of motion, especially in hip internal rotation and adduction; Ipsilateral short leg (3); Tenderness at the sciatic notch on palpation; Possible hypertonic gluteal muscles (3); Sciatica Findings depend on the causes of sciatica such as lumbar disc herniation, piriformis syndrome and hamstring syndrome. Sacroiliac syndrome The posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS) on both sides are not at the same horizontal level; Possible redness and swelling at the affected sacroiliac joint; Possible leg length discrepancy; Significant decrease in sacroiliac joint mobility; Possible local tenderness on static palpation; Hamstring syndrome The pain is more localized, but possibly radiating; Tenderness of hamstring tendons or over ischial tuberosity on static in palpation; Significant decrease in hip active range of motion, especially in hip extension; On observation, static palpation and range of motion assessment, the patient was noticed for: Positive piriformis sign (hip external rotation) on the ipsilateral (left) side; A relatively shorter left leg compared with the right leg; Tenderness over contralateral (right) sacroiliac joint; A palpable â€Å"sausage-shaped† mass in the ipsilateral (left) gluteal region (3); Hypertonic left hamstrings; Tenderness over left sciatic notch on static palpation; Limited hip active and passive range of motion, especially internal rotation; Decrease in sacroiliac joint mobility; Other findings were not remarkable. The results of the assessment suggested that piriformis syndrome and sacroiliac syndrome were most possible diagnoses. Coordination and gait analysis Coordination and gait should be examined before other assessments are done, for this test provides us a big picture of the patient’s lower extremity function including motor function, joint integrity and coordination. Any gait dysfunction or antalgic gait should be recognized and further tests should be performed to look for the causes. No abnormal movement or disturbance of the patient’s gait was observed. He also reported a partial relief of symptoms when he was walking. The insignificant findings made lumbar disc herniation less likely, however, there was still a possibility. Sensory exam Sensory exams of peripheral nerves were performed to look for any sensation change on the symptomatic lower limb, which would lead to localization of the lesion. Assessments included fine touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. Decrease in two-point discrimination and light touch was noticed over the lateral aspect of the left leg and foot. Motor exam Lower extremity muscle strength was tested to identify which nerve roots were affected according to myotomes. On examination, no significant findings were noticed. deep tendon Reflex Abnormal deep tendon reflex may be seen in lesions of muscles, sensory neurons, lower/upper motor neurons, neuromuscular junction and mechanical factors such as joint disease. On examination, the patient’s Achilles reflexes were normal (+2) on both sides. An abnormal Achilles reflex suggests a tibial nerve lesion (S1-2). Neurodynamic assessment Straight leg raise The test is designed to look for any impingement of the dura and spinal cord or nerve roots of the lower lumbar spine, especially in sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1). The patient’s result was negative (70 °), suggesting less possible lumbar disc herniation. Bonnet’s test Bonnet’s test is a variant of straight leg raise and used to test for entrapment of sciatic nerve by piriformis muscle. The patient’s result was positive, indicating possible piriformis syndrome. Bowstring test Bowstring test is another variant of straight leg raise and used to test for entrapment of sciatic nerve by hamstrings. The patient’s result was negative, suggesting less possible hamstring syndrome. Orthopaedic examinations Valsalva maneuver Valsalva maneuver was done to look for any disc herniation causing radiculopathy. This would increase intrathecal pressure which may reproduce the patient’s symptoms. The patient’s result was negative, indicating less possible lumbar disc herniation. Lumbar compression-distraction test This test is also designed to look for disc herniation. When the compressive force is applied, it increases the intrathecal pressure and replicates symptoms if the patient has disc herniation. And the symptoms are relieved by distraction. The patient’s result was negative, suggesting it was less likely to be disc herniation. Gaenslen’s test Gaenslen’s test is to assess sacroiliac joint involvement. The patient’s result is negative. Yeoman’s test Yeoman’s test is designed to assess the integrity of the sacroiliac joint. The patient’s result is negative. Squat test Squat test is designed for quick screening of lower limb pathologies including joint disease, motor and sensory neuron lesions. The patient’s result was positive. Supported belt test Supported belt test helps to determine whether the pain is of lumbar origin or pelvic origin. The patient was noticed for having pain only without supported belt, suggesting his symptoms were caused by pelvic dysfunction. List of possible diagnoses from the neurological exam Piriformis syndrome Sacroiliac syndrome Further blood and radiological tests At this stage, no further imaging or other tests are needed, for the diagnosis can be made based on the patient’s history and results of neurological and orthopaedic examinations. It is recommended that the patient should be treated for piriformis syndrome at the start. A conservative treatment plan should be designed to reduce pain intensity, stretch hypertonic muscles and increase lumbar and sacroiliac joint mobility. However, if the patient does not respond to the treatment or the symptoms are worsened after the treatment, further investigations should be done. Considering a large extent of soft tissue and nerve involvement, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be the most effective imaging method. A lumbopelvic view should be taken. This does not only demonstrate possible hypertrophied piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve entrapment, but also helps to rule out other differential diagnoses such as lumbar disc herniation. Nevertheless, many studies failed to show consistence of radiographic abnormalities in piriformis syndrome. Therefore, no significant findings on MRI do not necessarily exclude piriformis syndrome. CT and ultrasound are also used to look for abnormality of piriformis muscle, but they are not as sensitive as MRI. EMG is an investigation to assess abnormal spontaneous activity of muscles which are innervated by sciatic nerve, thus differentiating sciatica and lumbosacral radiculopathy; however, EMG findings are often normal in piriformis syndrome. Local injection of anaesthetics or steroid can be applied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (4). This technique is widely used after initial evaluation. However, the specificity and efficacy is not well determined by clinical trials (4). A certain portion of patients with piriformis syndrome do not respond to piriformis muscle injection (5). Final diagnosis Based on the patient’s history, the results of neurologic and orthopaedic examinations, and likely radiographic findings, piriformis syndrome is the most likely diagnosis. Chiropractic management Conservative treatment is recommended at this stage, for 79% of patients with piriformis syndrome showed a significant improvement with use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, thermo-therapy and rest (fishman, osteopathic approach). The aim of the chiropractic treatment is to reduce the intensity of pain, relax piriformis muscle, increase the range of motion of the hip joint, and increase mobility of lumbar and sacroiliac joint. The tone and length of the left piriformis muscle and other affected muscles (hamstrings, other lateral rotators, gluteus muscles) should be assessed with chiropractic muscle test and static palpation. Any trigger point, tenderness, hypertonia are noted. Stretching exercise and muscle release are introduced first to help the patient relax the hypertonic piriformis muscle. The patient needs to receive the muscle release training daily for 2 weeks until the muscle tone is assessed again and any improvement of his symptoms is seen. Stretching of other affected hypertonic muscles is also required. The mobility of the patient’s lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint should be assessed with orthopaedic examinations and chiropractic motion palpation. Any restricted segment is adjusted with high-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA) spinal manipulation. Chiropractic adjustments help to relieve pain, increase joint mobility and re-establish biomechanical stability of the body. References 1.Saikku K. Entrapment of the proximal sciatic nerve by the hamstring tendons. Acta orthopaedica belgica. 2010 06;76(3):321-4. 2.Puranen J. The hamstring syndrome. A new diagnosis of gluteal sciatic pain. The American journal of sports medicine. 1988;16(5):517-21. 3.Boyajian-ONeill LA. Diagnosis and management of piriformis syndrome: an osteopathic approach. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2008 11;108(11):657-64. 4.Jankovic D. Brief review: Piriformis syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management Article de synthà ¨se court: Le syndrome du muscle piriforme – à ©tiologie, diagnostic et prise en charge. Canadian journal of anesthesia. 2013 10;60(10):1003-12. 5.Martin HD, Martin H. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal region. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. 2014 04;22(4):882-8.